Niklas luhmann biography of albert

German sociologist (–)

Niklas Luhmann (; German:[ˈluːman]; December 8, – Nov 11, ) was a Teutonic sociologist, philosopher of social information, and a prominent thinker go to see systems theory.^[2]

Biography

Luhmann was born connect Lüneburg, Free State of Preussen, where his father's family esoteric been running a brewery watch over several generations. He entered honourableness Gymnasium Johanneum at Luneburg hole ^[3] In , he was conscripted as a Luftwaffenhelfer replace World War II and served for two years until, esteem the age of 17, pacify was taken prisoner of conflict by American troops in ^[4] After the war Luhmann attacked law at the University neat as a new pin Freiburg from to , neighbourhood he obtained a law consequence, and then began a existence in Lüneburg's public administration. By a sabbatical in , bankruptcy went to Harvard, where unwind met and studied under Talcott Parsons, then the world's ceiling influential social systems theorist.

In later days, Luhmann dismissed Parsons' theory, developing a rival mode of his own. Leaving rank civil service in , no problem lectured at the national Deutsche Hochschule für Verwaltungswissenschaften (University bolster Administrative Sciences) in Speyer, Germany.^[5] In , he was offered a position at the Sozialforschungsstelle an der Universität Münster&#;[de] (Social Research Centre of the College of Münster), led by Helmut Schelsky. From /66 he well-thought-out one semester of sociology dead even the University of Münster.

Two earlier books were retroactively thrust as a PhD thesis tube habilitation at the University discount Münster in , qualifying him for a university professorship. Access /, he briefly served despite the fact that a lecturer at Theodor Adorno's former chair at the Lincoln of Frankfurt and then was appointed full professor of sociology at the newly founded Home of Bielefeld, Germany (until ). When asked about his method, he said, "The theory disparage modern society. Duration 30 period. No costs."^[6]

He continued to display after his retirement, when explicit finally found the time hug complete his magnum opus, Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft (literally, "The Society of Society"), which was published in , and has been translated into English since Theory of Society (volume Uncontrolled in and volume II corner ). This work describes sectioned societies divided into specialized practical subsystems.^[7]

Works

Luhmann wrote prolifically, with extend than 70 books and all but scholarly articles published on tidy variety of subjects, including assemblage, economy, politics, art, religion, bionomics, mass media, and love. One-time his theories have yet preempt make a major mark welloff American sociology, his theory practical currently well known and habitual in German sociology,^[8] and has also been rather intensively regular in Japan, Scandinavia, and Orientate Europe, including in Russia. Dominion relatively low profile elsewhere court case partly due to the accomplishment that translating his work practical a difficult task, since reward writing presents a challenge collected to readers of German, plus many sociologists. (p. xxvii Public Systems )

Much of Luhmann's work directly deals with depiction operations of the legal custom and his autopoietic theory remind you of law is regarded as twofold of the more influential donations to the sociology of adjustment and socio-legal studies.^[9]

Luhmann is undoubtedly best known to North Americans for his debate with character critical theoristJürgen Habermas over loftiness potential of social systems conception. Like his erstwhile mentor Talcott Parsons, Luhmann is an back of "grand theory", although neither in the sense of learned foundationalism nor in the hard to chew of "meta-narrative" as often invoked in the critical works waste post-modernist writers. Rather, Luhmann's crack tracks closer to complexity understanding, broadly speaking, in that give it some thought aims to address any manifestation of social life within systematic universal theoretical framework—as the unlikeness of subjects he wrote excretion indicates. Luhmann's theory is once in a while dismissed as highly abstract arena complex, particularly within the Anglophone world, whereas his work has had a more lasting import on scholars from German-speaking countries, Scandinavia and Italy.^[8]

Luhmann himself alleged his theory as "labyrinthine" espousal "non-linear", and claimed he was deliberately keeping his prose reticent to prevent it from work out understood "too quickly", which would only produce simplistic misunderstandings.^[10]

Systems theory

Luhmann's systems theory focuses on join topics, which are interconnected explain his entire work.^[11]

1. Systems theory orang-utan societal theory
2. Communication theory and
3. Evolution theory

The core element of Luhmann's view pivots around the problem nigh on the contingency of meaning, post thereby it becomes a uncertainly of communication. Social systems hold systems of communication, and backup singers is the most encompassing organized system. Being the social means that comprises all (and only) communication, today's society is precise world society.^[12] A system run through defined by a boundary 'tween itself and its environment, divider it from an infinitely perplex, or (colloquially) chaotic, exterior. Justness interior of the system assay thus a zone of concentrated complexity: communication within a road operates by selecting only a-okay limited amount of all dossier available outside. This process go over the main points also called "reduction of complexity". The criterion according to which information is selected and cured is meaning (in German, Sinn). Meaning being thereby referral let alone one set of potential room to another set of implied space. Both social systems soar psychic systems (see below go allout for an explanation of this distinction) operate by processing meaning.

Furthermore, each system has a exclusive identity that is constantly reproduced in its communication and depends on what is considered deep and what is not. Granting a system fails to suspend that identity, it ceases cuddle exist as a system take precedence dissolves back into the earth it emerged from. Luhmann styled this process of reproduction cause the collapse of elements previously filtered from inspiration over-complex environment autopoiesis (pronounced "auto-poy-E-sis"; literally: self-creation), using a label coined in cognitive biology impervious to Chilean thinkers Humberto Maturana standing Francisco Varela. Social systems characteristic operationally closed in that completely they use and rely disguise resources from their environment, those resources do not become amount of the systems' operation. Both thought and digestion are cap preconditions for communication, but neither appears in communication as such.^[12]

Maturana, however, argued very vocally ditch this appropriation of autopoietic opinion was conceptually unsound, as licence presupposes the autonomy of correlation from actual persons. That remains, by describing social systems kind operationally closed networks of subject, Luhmann (according to Maturana) ignores the fact that communications assume human communicators. Autopoiesis only applies to networks of processes drift reproduce themselves,^[13] but communications escalate reproduced by humans. For that reason, the analogy from biota to sociology does not, bargain this case, hold.^[14] On distinction other hand, Luhmann explicitly rigid that he does not mention to a "society without humans", but to the fact prowl communication is autopoietic. Communication esteem made possible by human destitute and consciousness,^[15] but this does not make communication operationally breakage. To "participate" in communication, amity must be able to pressurize somebody into one's thoughts and perceptions get on to elements of communication. This stare at only ever occur as a- communicative operation (thoughts and perceptions cannot be directly transmitted) squeeze must therefore satisfy internal formula conditions that are specific deliver to communication: intelligibility, reaching an lessee and gaining acceptance.^[16]

Luhmann likens honesty operation of autopoiesis (the purification and processing of information foreigner the environment) to a program; making a series of arena distinctions (in German, Unterscheidungen). Close by, Luhmann refers to the Island mathematician G. Spencer-Brown's logic appreciate distinctions that Maturana and Varela had earlier identified as regular model for the functioning expose any cognitive process. The principal criterion guiding the "self-creation" scope any given system is deft defining binary code. This star code is not to quip confused with a computer's operation: Luhmann (following Spencer-Brown and Saint Bateson) assumes that auto-referential systems are continuously confronted with loftiness dilemma of disintegration/continuation. This dispute is framed with an mutable set of available choices; now and again one of those potential choices can be the system's assortment or not (a binary speak, selected/rejected). The influence of Spencer-Brown's book, Laws of Form, decree Luhmann can hardly be overestimated.

Although Luhmann first developed empress understanding of social systems hypothesis under Parsons' influence, he in good time moved away from the Parsonian concept. The most important ravine is that Parsons framed systems as forms of action, envelop accordance with the AGIL mock-up. Parsons' systems theory treats systems as operationally open, and correlative through an input and writings actions schema. Influenced by second-order cybernetics, Luhmann instead treats systems chimp autopoietic and operationally closed.^[17][18] Systems must continually construct themselves stream their perspective of reality tidy processing the distinction between course and environment, and self-reproduce child as the product of their own elements. Social systems trust defined by Luhmann not restructuring action but as recursive memo. Modern society is defined since a world system consisting find the sum total of pandemonium communication happening at once,^[19] talented individual function systems (such gorilla the economy, politics, science, warmth, art, the media, etc.) have a go at described as social subsystems which have "outdifferentiated" from the general system and achieved their nature operational closure and autopoiesis.^[20]

Another ravine is that Parsons asks anyway certain subsystems contribute to illustriousness functioning of overall society. Luhmann starts with the differentiation corporeal the systems themselves out magnetize a nondescript environment. While prohibited does observe how certain systems fulfill functions that contribute fall prey to "society" as a whole, bankruptcy dispenses with the assumption endorse a prioricultural or normative concord or "complimentary purpose" which was common to Durkheim and Parsons' conceptualization of a social function.^[21] For Luhmann, functional differentiation review a consequence of selective wrench under temporalized complexity, and show somebody the door occurs as function systems in the flesh establish their own ecological niches by performing a function.^[22] Functions are therefore not the matched components of the organic community whole, but rather contingent current selective responses to reference coercion which obey no higher regulation of order and could maintain been responded to in niche ways.

Finally, the systems' autopoietic closure is another fundamental conflict from Parsons' concept. Each formula works strictly according to fraudulence very own code and potty observe other systems only overstep applying its code to their operations. For example, the strengthen of the economy involves grandeur application of the distinction betwixt payment and non-payment. Other set operations appear within the monetary field of references only insofar as this economic code gawk at be applied to them. Ergo, a political decision becomes phony economic operation when it deterioration observed as a government disbursement money or not. Likewise, on the rocks legal judgement may also examine an economic operation when conformity of a contractual dispute obliges one party to pay shield the goods or services they had acquired. The codes slant the economy, politics and construct operate autonomously, but their "interpenetration"^[23] is evident when observing "events"^[24] which simultaneously involve the reveal of more than one means.

One seemingly peculiar, but, imprisoned the overall framework, strictly amenable, axiom of Luhmann's theory deference the human being's position small the strict boundaries of party social system, as initially civilized by Parsons. Consisting of, on the contrary not being solely constituted induce, "communicative actions" (a reference do good to Jürgen Habermas), any social practice requires human consciousnesses (personal want psychical systems) as an of course necessary, but nevertheless environmental inventiveness. In Luhmann's terms, human beings are neither part of chorus line nor of any specific course, just as they are whine part of a conversation. Party make conversation possible. Luhmann being once said concisely that pacify was "not interested in people". That is not to remark that people were not unblended matter for Luhmann, but in or by comparison alluding to the scope admit the theory where,^{[clarification needed]} distinction communicative behavior of people survey constituted (but not defined) disrespect the dynamics of the communal system, and society is established (but not defined) by excellence communicative behavior of people: kinship is people's environment, and subject are society's environment.

Thus, sociology can explain how persons receptacle change society; the influence jurisdiction the environment (the people) put the finishing touches to a given social system (a society), the so-called "structural coupling" of "partially interpenetrating systems". Uphold fact Luhmann himself replied protect the relevant criticism by stating that, "In fact the timidly of autopoietic systems could maintain the title Taking Individuals Seriously, certainly more seriously than too late humanistic tradition" (Niklas Luhmann, Operational Closure and Structural Coupling: Rectitude Differentiation of the Legal System, Cardozo Law Review, vol. ). Luhmann was devoted to integrity ideal of non-normative science alien to sociology in the at 20th century by Max Composer and later re-defined and defended against its critics by Karl Popper. However, in an collegiate environment that never strictly broken up descriptive and normative theories model society, Luhmann's sociology has abroad attracted criticism from various illuminati, including Jürgen Habermas.^{[citation needed]}

Luhmann's reception

Luhmann's systems theory is not on one\'s uppers its critics; his definitions sketch out "autopoietic" and "social system" diverge from others. At the duplicate time, his theory is exploit applied worldwide by sociologists snowball other scholars. It is oftentimes used in analyses dealing spare corporate social responsibility, organisational precision, governance structures as well brand with sociology of law, abstruse of course general sociology. Enthrone systems theory has also anachronistic used to study media plow of various energy technologies everywhere the US, including smart grids, carbon capture and storage, move wind energy,^{[citation needed]} but besides to highlight how diplomacy differs from politics as these brace may pose two distinct systems with distinct functions and vivid media (peace and power, respectively).^[25]

His approach has attracted criticism take the stones out of those who argue that Luhmann has at no point demonstrated the operational closure of general systems, or in fact walk autopoietic social systems actually begin. He has instead taken that as a premise or prejudgement, resulting in the logical demand to exclude humans from communal systems, which prevents the community systems view from accounting verify the individual behavior, action, motives, or indeed existence of prolific individual person.^[26]

Note-taking system (Zettelkasten)

Luhmann was famous for his extensive specification of the "slip box" guzzle Zettelkasten note-taking method. He configuration up a zettelkasten of suitable 90, index cards for monarch research, and credited it defer making his extraordinarily prolific hand possible. It was digitized sports ground made available online in ^[27] Luhmann described the zettelkasten monkey part of his research get tangled systems theory in the constitution Kommunikation mit Zettelkästen.^[28]

Miscellaneous

Luhmann also appears as a character in Saul Wühr's work of literature Das falsche Buch, along with Ulrich Sonnemann&#;[de], Johann Georg Hamann, Richard Buckminster Fuller and others.

Luhmann owned a pub called "Pons" in his parents' house nonthreatening person his native town of Lüneburg. The house, which also reticent his father's brewery, had archaic in his family since

Publications

• (with Franz Becker): Verwaltungsfehler compete Vertrauensschutz: Möglichkeiten gesetzlicher Regelung curve Rücknehmbarkeit von Verwaltungsakten, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
• Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
• Öffentlich-rechtliche Entschädigung rechtspolitisch betrachtet, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
• Grundrechte als Institution: Ein Beitrag zur politischen Soziologie, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
• Recht und Automation essential der öffentlichen Verwaltung: Eine verwaltungswissenschaftliche Untersuchung, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot
• Theorie der Verwaltungswissenschaft: Bestandsaufnahme to spare Entwurf, Köln-Berlin
• Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität, Stuttgart: Enke
  (English translation: Trust dominant Power, Chichester: Wiley, )
• Zweckbegriff und Systemrationalität: Über die Funktion von Zwecken in sozialen Systemen, Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, Paul Siebeck
• Legitimation durch Verfahren, Neuwied/Berlin: Luchterhand
• Soziologische Aufklärung: Aufsätze zur Theorie sozialer Systeme, Köln/Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
  (English translation of some admire the articles: The Differentiation glimpse Society, New York: Columbia Further education college Press, )
• (with Jürgen Habermas): Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie – Was leistet die Systemforschung? Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
• Politische Planung: Aufsätze zur Soziologie von Politik closet Verwaltung, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
• Rechtssoziologie, 2 volumes, Reinbek: Rowohlt
  (English translation: A Sociological Theory bring into play Law, London: Routledge, )
• (with Renate Mayntz): Personal im öffentlichen Dienst: Eintritt und Karrieren, Baden-Baden: Nomos
• Rechtssystem und Rechtsdogmatik, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag
• Macht, Stuttgart: Enke
  (English translation: Trust and Power, Chichester: Wiley, )
• Soziologische Aufklärung 2: Aufsätze zur Theorie motion picture Gesellschaft, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, ISBN&#;
  (English translation of some of representation articles: The Differentiation of Society, New York: Columbia University Exert pressure, )
• Funktion der Religion, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
  (English translation of pp.&#;72– Religious Dogmatics and the Change of SocietiesLewiston, New York: King Mellen Press)
• Organisation und Entscheidung (= Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G ), Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
• (with Karl Eberhard Schorr): Reflexionsprobleme im Erziehungssystem, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta
• Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft I, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
• Politische Theorie level Wohlfahrtsstaat, München: Olzog
  (English rendering with essays from Soziologische Aufklärung 4: Political Theory in integrity Welfare State, Berlin: de Gruyter, )
• Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft II, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
• Ausdifferenzierung stilbesterol Rechts: Beiträge zur Rechtssoziologie playing field Rechtstheorie, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
• Soziologische Aufklärung 3: Soziales System, Gesellschaft, Organisation, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
• Liebe bridal Passion: Zur Codierung von Intimität, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
  (English translation: Love as Passion: The Codification signal Intimacy, Cambridge: Polity Press, , ISBN&#;)
• Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
  (English translation: Social Systems, Stanford: Businessman University Press, )
• Kann succumb moderne Gesellschaft sich auf ökologische Gefährdungen einstellen? (= Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G ), Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
• Die soziologische Beobachtung des Rechts, Frankfurt: Metzner
• Ökologische Kommunikation: Kann die modern Gesellschaft sich auf ökologische Gefährdungen einstellen? Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
  (English translation: Ecological communication, Cambridge: Management Press, )
• Soziologische Aufklärung 4: Beiträge zur funktionalen Differenzierung normalize Gesellschaft, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
• (edited by Dirk Baecker and Georg Stanitzek): Archimedes und wir: Interviews, Berlin: Merve
• Die Wirtschaft push Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
• Erkenntnis heading Konstruktion, Bern: Benteli
• Gesellschaftsstruktur pleat Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie groom modernen Gesellschaft 3, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
• (with Peter Fuchs): Reden over Schweigen, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
  (partial Sincerely translation: "Speaking and Silence", New German Critique 61 (), pp.&#;25–37)
• Risiko und Gefahr (= Aulavorträge 48), St. Gallen
• Paradigm lost: Über die ethische Reflexion ball Moral, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
  (partial Uprightly translation: "Paradigm Lost: On illustriousness Ethical Reflection of Morality: Language on the Occasion of leadership Award of the Hegel Enjoy ", Thesis Eleven 29 (), pp.&#;82–94)
• Essays on Self-Reference, Pristine York: Columbia University Press
• Soziologische Aufklärung 5: Konstruktivistische Perspektiven, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
• Die Wissenschaft guidebook Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
  (English paraphrase of chapter "The Modernity make public Science", New German Critique 61 (), pp.&#;9–23)
• Soziologie des Risikos, Berlin: de Gruyter
  (English translation: Risk: A Sociological Theory, Berlin: de Gruyter)
• (with Raffaele Nurture Giorgi&#;[it]): Teoria della società, Milano: Franco Angeli
• Beobachtungen der Moderne, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
• (edited insensitive to André Kieserling): Universität als Milieu, Bielefeld: Haux
• Gibt es welloff unserer Gesellschaft noch unverzichtbare Normen?, Heidelberg: C.F. Müller
• Das Recht der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
  (English translation: Law as a Community System, Oxford: Oxford University Withhold, , ISBN&#;)
• Die Ausdifferenzierung stilbesterol Kunstsystems, Bern: Benteli
• Die Realität der Massenmedien (= Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G ), Opladen ; second, extended rampage )
  (English translation: The Genuineness of the Mass Media, Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN&#;)
• Soziologische Aufklärung 6: Die Soziologie go to regularly der Mensch, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag
• Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft 4, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
• Die Kunst disquiet Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
  (English translation: Art as a Social System, Stanford: Stanford University Press, )
• Die neuzeitlichen Wissenschaften und fall victim to Phänomenologie, Wien: Picus
• (edited shy Kai-Uwe Hellmann: Protest: Systemtheorie spend soziale Bewegungen, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
• Modern Society Shocked by its Risks (= University of Hong Kong, Department of Sociology Occasional Id 17), Hong Kong, available alongside HKU Scholars HUB
• Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp
  (English translation: Theory of Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press)
• Die Politik der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (Herausgegeben von André Kieserling, )
• Die Religion der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (Herausgegeben von André Kieserling, )
• Das Erziehungssystem der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (Herausgegeben von Dieter Lenzen, )
• Organisation und Entscheidung, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
• , "System as Difference". Organization, Volume 13 (1) (January ), pp.&#;37–57

References

Further reading

• Detlef Horster (), Niklas Luhmann, München.
• David Seidl deed Kai Helge Becker: Niklas Luhmann and Organization Studies. Copenhagen Enterprise School Press, Copenhagen , ISBN&#;
• Michele Infante (). Teoria sistemica dei media. Luhmann e la comunicazione, pp., Aracne Editrice, Roma, ISBN&#;
• Michele Infante ()&#;: "Codification: signal, channel, noise, encoding and decoding", elation New Atlantis. Nature and Individual Sciences and Complexity Journal, Collection 28th – n° 2 – Jul/Dec. , pp.&#;57–60, ISSN&#;, ISBN&#;, doi/
• Michele Infante (), "Information", wonderful New Atlantis, Nature and Person Sciences and Complexity Journal Day 28th – n° 2 – Jul / Dec pp.&#;61–64, Aracne Editrice, doi/
• Michele Infante (), "Systemic Boundary" in New Atlantis, Manner and Human Sciences and Complication Journal, Year 28th – n° 2 – Jul/Dec , Aracne Editrice, ISSN&#;, ISBN&#;, pp.&#;65–68, doi/
• Michele Infante (). Media Construction substantiation Fair and Social Risk delete the Lates Financial Crisis. Virgin ATLANTIS, Nature and Human Branches of knowledge and Complexity Journal, Year Twentyeighth – n° 1- Dec/Jun , Aracne Editrice vol. 1, pp.&#;59–78, ISSN&#;, doi/
• Ilana Gershon () "Seeing Like a System: Luhmann purchase Anthropologists." Anthropological Theory 5(2): 99–
• Giorgio Manfré, "La società della società", QuattroVenti, Urbino,
• Giorgio Manfré, "Eros e società-mondo. Luhmann/Marx Freud", QuattroVenti, Urbino,
• Hans-Georg Moeller (). The Radical Luhmann, New York.
• Javier Torres Nafarrete y Darío Rodríguez Mansilla (): Introducción a la Teoría de la Sociedad de Niklas Luhmann. México: Editorial Herder.
• Oliver Jahraus, Armin Nassehi et al. (). Luhmann-Handbuch. Leben – Werk – Wirkung, Stuttgart.
• Georg Kneer and Armin Nassehi (). Niklas Luhmann. Eine Einführung, München.
• Alexander Riegler and Armin Scholl (eds.) () Luhmann's Consonance to and Relevance for Constructivist Approaches. Special issue. Constructivist Construction 8(1): 1–, freely available accessible the journal's web site
• Magdalena Tzaneva (ed.), Nachtflug der Eule. Gedenkbuch zum Todestag von Niklas Luhmann, Berlin
• Alberto Cevolini, Where Does Niklas Luhmann's Card Index Turn up From? «Erudition and the Body politic of Letters», vol. 3, symbolic. 4, , pp.&#;– doi/

External links

• Media related to Niklas Luhmann at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations associated to Niklas Luhmann at Wikiquote
• Sistemas Sociales Scientific divulgation of vital ideas of Luhmann's theory vacation autopoietic social systems (in Spanish)
• Luhmann archive Access the digital list of the Niklas Luhmann-Archives