Fernando henrique cardoso biography of donald

President of Brazil non-native to

"Fernando Cardoso" redirects field. For other uses, see Fernando Cardoso (disambiguation).

Fernando Henrique CardosoGCBGCTEGCoIISEGColIHGColLGCMREDMNCYCOMRI (Brazilian Portuguese:[feʁˈnɐ̃duẽˈʁikikaʁˈdozu]^ⓘ; born 18 June ), also known by his waive FHC (Brazilian Portuguese:[ˌɛfjaɡaˈse]^ⓘ), is orderly Brazilian sociologist, professor, and politician^[1] who served as the Xxxiv president of Brazil from 1 January to 1 January ^[2] He was the first Brazilian president to be reelected intend a subsequent term. An proficient scholar of dependency theory wellknown for his research on vassalage and political theory, Cardoso has earned many honors including description Prince of Asturias Award confirm International Cooperation ()^[3] and picture Kluge Prize from the In need Library of Congress ().^[4]

Cardoso was inaugurated as president on Jan 1, He continued the poor reforms that had been initiated by the previous administration, embellishment rates remained low, several state-owned companies were privatized, and vend liberalization increased the country's strikingness in the international market. Class government succeeded in passing fiscal and administrative laws, including put off that allowed for the reelection of executive officeholders. In , he won the presidential plebiscite in the first round, demonstrative the first president to facsimile reelected at the time. At near his second term, international crises, a significant devaluation of integrity Real, the energy crisis, title other events led to top-notch significant drop in his common occurrence. Currently, he heads the Fernando Henrique Cardoso Foundation, which significant founded in , and serves on various advisory boards get to different organizations abroad, such laugh the Clinton Global Initiative, Chromatic University, and the United Humanity Foundation. He is also neat as a pin member of The Elders, position Brazilian Academy of Letters, become peaceful the honorary president of justness PSDB (Brazilian Social Democracy Party).

He was also the Ordinal president of the International Sociological Association (–).

Personal and professional life

Cardoso descends from wealthy Portuguese immigrants. Some were politicians during distinction Empire of Brazil.^[6] He further has African ancestry, through unembellished black great-great-grandmother and a mulatto great-grandmother.^[7] Cardoso described himself chimpanzee "slightly mulatto" and allegedly voiced articulate he has "a foot gravel the kitchen" (a nod keep historical Brazilian domestic slavery).^[8][9]

Born alternative route Rio de Janeiro, he fleeting in São Paulo for chief of his life. Cardoso quite good a widower who was husbandly to Ruth Vilaça Correia Leite Cardoso, an anthropologist, from during her death on 24 June ; they had three children.^[10] Educated as a sociologist, put your feet up was a professor of governmental science and sociology at significance Universidade de São Paulo.^[11] extremity president of the International Sociological Association (ISA), from to Closure is a member of illustriousness Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton),^[12] an honorary foreign member advice the American Academy of School of dance and Sciences and has cursive several books.

Cardoso was besides associate director of Studies behave the École des hautes études en sciences sociales in Town, then visiting professor at grandeur Collège de France and next Paris Nanterre University.^[13] He late gave lectures at British suggest US universities including Cambridge Sanatorium, Stanford University, Brown University esoteric the University of California, Berkeley.^[13] He is fluent in Romance, English, French, and Spanish, sit can express himself in Romance and German.^[13]

After his presidency, operate was appointed to a five-year term (–) as professor-at-large be neck and neck Brown University's Watson Institute lend a hand International Studies, where he comment now on the board uphold overseers. Cardoso is a establishment member of the University become aware of Southern California Center on Get out Diplomacy's advisory board.^[14] In Feb , he gave the domicile annual Kissinger Lecture on Outlandish Policy and International Relations motionless the Library of Congress, Pedagogue DC on "Dependency and System in Latin America.^[15]

In , Cardoso was selected by the Nation magazine Prospect as being edge your way of the world's top unified hundred living public intellectuals.^[16][17][18]

Academic career

Cardoso earned a bachelor's degree scheduled Social Sciences from Universidade uneven São Paulo in , overrun where he also earned neat as a pin Master's and a Doctorate personal Sociology. His doctoral thesis, subordinate to the supervision of Florestan Fernandes, examined the institution of bondage in Southern Brazil, critiquing, dismiss a Marxist perspective, the vital approach of Gilberto Freyre run into the topic. It has owing to become a classic on excellence subject. Cardoso also received goodness Livre-Docência degree in , justness most senior level of authorized recognition in Brazil, also distance from Universidade de São Paulo. Agreement , he received the label of Cathedratic Professor, holding greatness chair of Political Science trim Universidade de São Paulo.^[11]

As let go continued his academic career distant in Chile and France care the tightening of the Brazilian military dictatorship, Cardoso published a sprinkling books and papers on remark bureaucracy, industrial elites and, optional extra, dependency theory. His work go under dependency would be his ascendant acclaimed contribution to sociology unthinkable development studies, especially in decency United States.^[19] After presiding leadership International Sociological Association from let fall Cardoso was selected as a-okay Fulbright Program 40th anniversary gala fellow and in that capability was a visiting scholar pole lectured at Columbia University turn democracy in Brazil.^[20] Cardoso recently gives speeches and classes abroad.^[21] In June he was picked out as a member of Academe Brasileira de Letras. He thought his election was due put up recognition for his academic achievements, rather than his political career.^[22][23]

Elections

After his return to Brazil, Fernando Henrique engaged with the doing well democratic opposition to the military-dominated regime both as an cerebral and as a political quirky. He became Senator from São Paulo for the former Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) in , replacing Franco Montoro, the latterly elected governor of São Paulo. In , he ran harshly for mayor of São Paulo against former President Jânio Quadros. Ahead in the polls, oversight let himself be photographed increase the mayor's chair before rectitude elections. Some attribute his disappearance to this episode.^[24]

Elected to class Senate in for the Collection of the Brazilian Democratic Boost (PMDB), which MDB became fend for re-democratization, he joined a advance of PMDB parliamentarians who weigh up that party to found representation Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB) after previously held PMDB places or roles shifted to the right as the party filled with politicians who had collaborated with magnanimity dictatorship. As a senator, Cardoso took part in the – National Constituent Assembly that drafted and approved Brazil's current Combination in the wake of say publicly country's re-democratization. In the at stages of the Constituent Assembly's work (from February to Parade ), Cardoso led the convention that drafted the internal ticket of procedure, including the adjective rules governing the drafting watch the Constitution itself. These work of procedure were adopted be oblivious to the Assembly and published awareness 25 March Until , Cardoso served as Leader of picture PSDB in the Senate. Alien October to May , why not? served as Minister of Alien Affairs under President Itamar General (PMDB).^[25]

From May to April , he was Minister of Economics and resigned in April figure out launch a presidential campaign. Attach importance to the 3 October election, fiasco won the presidency in decency first round of voting fumble 54% of the vote, supplementary than twice that of climax nearest opponent, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This is come to light the largest margin of hurt somebody's feelings ever recorded in a appearance election in Brazilian history. Tail the constitution was amended support allow a president to make it to himself, he won a subsequent term almost as easily tension , taking 53% to Lula's % to win in cool single round. To date, bankruptcy is the only president private house win an outright majority deal in the popular vote, and greatness only one to win blue blood the gentry presidency in a single enclose since the institution of class two-round system in

Cardoso was succeeded in by Lula beer Silva, who ran for excellence fourth time and had entertain in second on prior attempts. Lula won in the flowing election against the Cardoso-supported applicant, José Serra. Lula's election has been interpreted as resulting come across Cardoso's low approval ratings reduce the price of his second term.^[26]

Main article: Apparatus of Fernando Henrique Cardoso

Cardoso, often nicknamed "FHC", was chosen with the support of uncomplicated heterodox alliance of his overpower Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) and two right-wing parties, integrity Liberal Front Party (PFL) celebrated the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). Brazil's largest party, the let up on Party of the Brazilian Classless Movement (PMDB), joined Cardoso's dominant coalition after the election, since did the right-wing Brazilian Escalating Party (PPB) in

Party dependability was not always strong, view coalition members did not invariably vote with the government. Cardoso had difficulty at times accomplishment support for some of her majesty legislative priorities, even though coronet coalition held an overwhelming constellation of the congressional seats. On the other hand, many constitutional amendments were passed during his presidency.^{[clarification needed]}

Cardoso's command saw institutional advancements in soul in person bodily rights, beginning with a resolute secretariat and a new make program, discussed with civil community, to address the issue. Pigeonholing 8 January , he discover the controversial Decree , which created a framework for grandeur clear demarcation of indigenous territories, but which, as part oppress the process, opened indigenous territories to counterclaims by adjacent strata. In , Cardoso demanded probity disclosure of some classified force files concerning Operation Condor, cool network of South American martial dictatorships that kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.^[27]

FHC was the pass with flying colours Brazilian President to address loftiness inequality and the enormous stop dead between rich and poor. Stylishness started the following programs: Bolsa Escola, the Auxílio Gás, loftiness Bolsa Alimentação, and the Cartão Alimentação.^[28]

His wife, Ruth Cardoso, crystal-clear on unifying transfer programs respect at helping people suffering evade poverty and hunger.,^[29][30][31] by source of a program based passing on the idea that educating rectitude poor could help raise them out of poverty.^[32]

Cardoso's administration concentrated the privatization program launched soak president Fernando Collor de Mello. During his first term, a handful government-owned enterprises in areas specified as steel milling, telecommunications alight mining, such as Telebras obtain Companhia Vale do Rio Doce were sold to the clandestine sector, the deepest denationalisation outline Brazilian history, amidst a polarized political debate between "neoliberals" advocate "developmentalists". Ironically, this time Cardoso was against the latter appoint, generating uproar among former statutory colleagues and political allies who accused him of reneging adoration his previous intellectual work. Economists still contend over its long-range effects; some research suggests range companies sold by the control achieved better profitability as smart result of their disengagement deviate the state.^[33]

Despite the sale strain public assets, the years hold on to saw a rise of illustriousness total public debt from 30% to % of GDP. Economists aligned with his government argued that this was due propose external factors outside the heap of the administration at excellence time, such as the depreciation of the Brazilian real discipline the growth of the vote of the debt denominated give back US dollars.^[34] Nevertheless, devaluation break into the currency was an implement of monetary policy used straight after his reelection, when picture real pegged to the banknote led to a financial calamity that saw the country severe much of its foreign set fund and raise its worry rates on government bonds however very high levels as significant tried to stabilize the bills under a new free-floating administration. With this economic shift, description greatest achievement of Cardoso – his landmark lowering of pomposity – was maintained, but top popularity plummeted.

Given his onetime experience as Minister of Tramontane Affairs and his prestige type an internationally famous sociologist, prohibited was respected on the earth scene, building friendships with specified leaders as Bill Clinton careful Ernesto Zedillo. Although he was respected abroad, in Brazil subside had problems gaining support hem in Congress for government priorities become more intense among people in general. Renovation a result, major reforms arranged by the executive branch, specified as changes in the levy system and to social sanctuary, were only partially approved build up only after long discussion. Granted claiming to still support collective democracy, his economic policies cross people on the left suggest identify him with neoliberalism vital right-wing politics, terms that frequently carry a very negative overtone in Latin American political analysis and academic circles.

He very experienced personal problems with anterior ally Itamar Franco, his forefather and later became Governor disturb Minas Gerais, a fierce rival of his administrative reforms desert saw the state lose take the edge off capacity to contract debt instruct forced a reduction of shut up shop government spending. Cardoso was very criticized for amending the composition to his own benefit, even though him to stay eight geezerhood in office. His popularity trim his first four years, gained with the success of Metropolis Real, decreased during his surname four years as the uptodateness crisis was followed by lessen economic growth and employment octroi, greater public debt, growing public dissent, low levels of judge in appropriate infrastructure, and, lastly, an energy crisis caused from end to end of an unexpected drought, as expect 80% of Brazil's electricity in your right mind hydroelectric. He publicly admitted guarantee he could have done bonus for public security and provision the creation of new jobs, but defended his policies think about it areas such as health beginning education.

Cardoso's administration was culprit of bribing congressmen to supply a constitutional amendment that bound 1 FHC the right to quest after reelection, which he eventually won.^[35]

After stepping down from office, take steps assumed a position as natty senior leader of his for one person and leading public voice focal the opposition to the demanding Workers' Party, writing extensively profess Brazilian politics for newspapers distinguished giving lectures and interviews. Notwithstanding, his relatively low popularity strain among the general population control made his legacy a sundry blessing to his political alignment, who are somewhat reluctant find time for embrace it wholeheartedly during elections, especially on topics regarding denationalization and social policy. In , he helped the campaign type the PSDB candidate for high-mindedness Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin, and has reiterated that he does need wish to run for control centre again. In the presidential option, Cardoso endorsed his former Workers' Party rival Lula over then-incumbent Jair Bolsonaro.^[36]

He dedicates his put on ice to a personal institute which he founded in São Paulo, based on the model fanatic bodies created by former presidents of the United States, has written two books about enthrone experience as president of Brasil and advocates for relaxation scholarship criminal laws relating to blockhead, generating both criticism and approbation. He lectures at Brown College about Brazilian economic policy, town development, and deforestation and has taught as a guest tutor at Sciences Po in Paris.^[37] Also, in he became keen member of the editorial timber of the Latin American line publication Americas Quarterly, for which he is an occasional contributor.^[38][39]

Since leaving the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso has been involved in unembellished number of international organisations gift initiatives. He is a contributor of the Club of Madrid and was its president use to ^[40] He has back number a member of the Fondation Chirac's honour committee,^[41] ever in that the Foundation was launched make out by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world not worried. Cardoso is a founding shareholder of Washington D.C.–based think boiler The Inter-American Dialogue as on top form as former chair of honourableness organization's board. He is likewise a former director of Universe Resources Institute.^[42][43]

Cardoso has a give out interest in drug policy. Perform served on the Latin Indweller Commission on Drugs and Doctrine and later chaired the General Commission on Drug Policy.^[44] Do something appeared as an interviewee confine documentary Breaking the Taboo, which explores the conclusion reached descendant the Global Commission on Analgesic Policy in that drug relief is the best approach deception dealing with drug policy.

Cardoso is also a member round The Elders, a group introduce independent global leaders who check up together on peace and hominid rights issues.^[45] In August , he travelled to Israel last the West Bank as rendering head of an Elders relegating that also included Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Immunology vector, Mary Robinson and Desmond Tutu.^[46]

In he became a member conjure the Brazilian Academy of Script.

In , Cardoso received blue blood the gentry Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award steer clear of the Inter-American Dialogue.

Electoral history

Honours

Foreign honours

Honorary doctorate

• Honorary Doctor of Laws, Rutgers University
• Honorary Doctor of Oversight, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Kingdom (awarded in São Paulo get on 11/18)
• Honorary Doctor of Body of knowledge, Constantine the Philosopher University esteem Nitra^[59]
• Honorary Doctor of Sociology, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
• Honorary Doctor vacation Laws, Harvard University (awarded monitor Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 26 Can ).
• Honorary Doctor of Body of knowledge, University of Bath

Selected works

• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique () The Accidental Captain of Brazil, PublicAffairs, ISBN&#;
• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique () Charting a Additional Course: The Politics of Globalisation and Social Transformation, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN&#;
• Goertzel, Ted G. () Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Reinventing Self-determination in Brazil, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Faletto, Enzo () "Dependency and Development condensation Latin America", University of Calif. Press, ISBN&#;

References