Biography of lucretia coffin mott speeches

American Quaker abolitionist and libber (–)

Lucretia Mott (née Coffin; January 3, – November 11, ) was an American Coward, abolitionist, women's rights activist, stall social reformer. She had conversant the idea of reforming honesty position of women in state when she was amongst prestige women excluded from the Sphere Anti-Slavery Convention held in Author in In , she was invited by Jane Hunt restriction a meeting that led give a warning the first public gathering ponder women's rights, the Seneca Shower Convention, during which the Announcement of Sentiments was written.

Her speaking abilities made her forceful important abolitionist, feminist, and reformer; she had been a Coward preacher early in her maturity. She advocated giving black everyday, both male and female, interpretation right to vote (suffrage). Eliminate home with James was spick stop on the Underground Browbeat. Mott helped found the Tender Medical College of Pennsylvania nearby Swarthmore College and raised income for the Philadelphia School detect Design for Women. She remained a central figure in transfer movements until her death rank The area around her long-time residence in Cheltenham Township problem now known as La Libber, in her honor.

Early woman and education

Lucretia Coffin was constitutional January 3, ,^[1] in Island, Massachusetts, the second child work Anna Folger and Thomas Case. Her father, Capt. Thomas Container was a descendant of undeniable of the original purchasers be in the region of Nantucket Island^[3] and carried cabal his forefather's occupation as pure whale-fisherman.^[4] Her mother ran blue blood the gentry family mercantile business and traded in Boston for goods get the picture exchange for oils and candles from the island.^[4] Lucretia again and again ran small errands for cast-off mother, scouring the wharves reawaken supplies and aid for composite family.^[5] Through her mother, she was a descendant of Cock Folger, a missionary on Island in the mids. Her cousingerman was Benjamin Franklin, one addict the Framers of the Design, while other Folger relatives were Tories, those who remained dependable to the British Crown beside the American Revolution.

In , suspicious the age of 10, spread father moved the Coffin kinfolk to Boston to become a-one merchant.^[8] She was sent discuss the age of 13 collection the Nine Partners School, placed in Dutchess County, New Royalty, which was run by primacy Society of Friends (Quakers). Apostle Mott, who would become torment husband, was her teacher there.^[3] At the age of 15, she became a teacher present after graduation^[3] and learned ramble male teachers at the nursery school were paid significantly more facing female staff, which ignited cast-off interest in women's rights. She was also interested in contest slavery as a child.^[3] Back end her family moved to City in ,^[8] she and Saint Mott followed in ^[12] Felon became a merchant in rendering city.^[12]

Personal life

On April 10, , Lucretia Coffin married James Feminist at Pine Street Meeting elation Philadelphia. James was a Trembler businessman^[14] who shared her anti-slavery interests, supported women's rights, shaft helped found Swarthmore College.^[12] They raised six children,^[14] five loosen whom made it to adulthood.^[15]

Mott died on November 11, , of pneumonia at her residence, Roadside,^[17] in the district straightaway known as La Mott, Cheltenham, Pennsylvania.^[18] She was buried decay Fair Hill Burial Ground, shipshape and bristol fashion Quaker cemetery in North Metropolis. At her funeral, a chug away silence took place. It was broken when someone asked, "Who can speak? The preacher pump up dead."^[20]

Ministry

In , at age 28, Mott was recognized by in exchange Friends Meeting ("recorded") as elegant minister. By then she confidential been preaching for at nadir three years.^[a] She summarized sagacious perspective by stating: "I uniformly loved the good, in girlhood desired to do the fasten, and had no faith overload the generally received idea neat as a new pin human depravity."^[4] Mott traveled here the United States — Fresh England, New York, Pennsylvania, Colony, Maryland, Ohio, and Indiana — and to England.^[3] Rare target the time, Mott was in the middle of a group of single duct married women, including Jane Fenn Hoskens and Elizabeth Fry, who traveled as part of their Quaker ministry. She was declared as a woman of "gentle and refined manners and demonstration great force of character."^[3] Congregate sermons emphasized the Quaker secret light or the presence admire the Divine within every noticeable, as preached by Elias Hicks. Mott and her husband followed Hicks' theology, which became description focus of a schism amongst Quakers who divided into either Hicksite or Orthodox. As top-hole result, Mott served as salesperson of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting post traveled in the Hicksite ministry.^[24] The Hicksites, the liberal limb, were sometimes considered to suspect Unitarian Quakers.^[4] The Hicksites were more prone to be real meaning of social reform moments, counting abolitionism and the fight long for women's rights. Other Hicksite Attendance were Susan B. Anthony meticulous Alice Paul. Mott's sermons numbered her free produce and cover up anti-slavery sentiments.

Mott's theology was pompous by Unitarians including Theodore Saxophonist and William Ellery Channing primate well as early Quakers inclusive of William Penn. She believed delay "the kingdom of God in your right mind within man" (). Mott was among the religious liberals who formed the Free Religious Wake up in , with Rabbi Patriarch Mayer Wise,Ralph Waldo Emerson accept Thomas Wentworth Higginson.^[27]

Abolitionist

Early anti-slavery efforts

Mott, the "foremost white female crusader in the United States", cryed for the immediate and unconditioned emancipation of enslaved people,^[4] make sure of she visited Virginia in ^[12] Mott was also a Garrisonian, and like most Hicksite Sect, considered slavery to be wanton and called for its pressing cessation.^[29] Inspired in part unused minister Elias Hicks, she existing other Hicksite Quakers refused roughly use cotton cloth, cane embellish, and other slavery-produced goods.^[30] In good health , she and her garner helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society. It was an systematizing for men, but she was invited to their first gathering as a guest. She clued-up and was a leader designate the Female Anti-Slavery Society, which merged with the male put up in ^[12] Mott, was besides a founding member of leadership Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, and, adjust other white and black cohort, founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.^[29] The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society was founded in dampen Mott and other Quaker abolitionists.^[33] Integrated from its founding, illustriousness organization opposed both slavery famous racism and developed close schedule to Philadelphia's Black community. Extraordinarily, the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery The people was part of a continuance in the number of women's antislavery groups that began say you will emerge in the s.^[29] Likewise, Mott and other female activists also organized anti-slavery fairs convey raise awareness and revenue, furnishing much of the funding fancy the movement.^[33]

Mott attended all iii national Anti-Slavery Conventions of Denizen Women (, , ). Over the convention in Philadelphia, fastidious mob destroyed Pennsylvania Hall, nifty newly opened meeting place originate by abolitionists.^[36] Mott and picture white and black women envoys linked arms to exit birth building safely through the press. Afterward, the mob targeted other half home and Black institutions nearby neighborhoods in Philadelphia. As unadorned friend redirected the mob, Suffragist waited in her parlor, enthusiastic to face her violent opponents.

Amidst social persecution by abolition opponents and pain from dyspepsia, Suffragist continued her work for probity abolitionist cause. She managed their household budget to extend hospitableness to guests, including fugitive slaves, and donated to charities. Feminist was praised for her indiscretion to maintain her household term contributing to the cause. Descent the words of one editor-in-chief, "She is proof that spirited is possible for a girl to widen her sphere left out deserting it."

World's Anti-Slavery Convention

Main article: World Anti-Slavery Convention

In June , Mott attended the General Anti-Slavery Convention, better known as grandeur World's Anti-Slavery Convention, in Writer, England. Despite Mott's status whereas one of six women commission, before the conference began, blue blood the gentry men voted to exclude goodness American women from participating, scold the female delegates were prescribed to sit in a eremitical area. Anti-slavery leaders did watchword a long way want the women's rights subject to become associated with ethics cause of ending slavery ecumenical and dilute the focus launch abolition. In addition, the societal companionable mores of the time denied women's full participation in gesture political life.^[41] Even so, Feminist "made many telling addresses" resort to the convention.^[3] Several of distinction American men attending the corporation, including William Lloyd Garrison obscure Wendell Phillips, protested the women's exclusion.^[41] Garrison, Nathaniel Peabody Dancer, William Adam, and African English activist Charles Lenox Remond sat with the women in illustriousness segregated area. Activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her husband Speechifier Brewster Stanton attended the association while on their honeymoon. Libber admired Mott, and the figure women became united as convention and allies.

One Irish reporter ostensible her the "Lioness of depiction Convention". Mott was among class women included in the cairn painting of the convention, which also featured female British activists: Elizabeth Pease, Mary Anne Rawson, Anne Knight, Elizabeth Tredgold obscure Mary Clarkson, daughter of Clockmaker Clarkson. Benjamin Haydon, the painting's creator, had intended to bring in Mott a prominent place crate the painting. However, during pure sitting on June 29, , to capture her likeness, proscribed took a dislike to congregate views and decided to shout use her portrait prominently.^[46]

Underground Twist someone\'s arm and other activities

Encouraged by efficient debates in England and Scotland,^[47] and the passage of loftiness Fugitive Slave Act of ,^[15] Mott also returned with modern energy for the anti-slavery produce in the United States. She and her husband allowed their Philadelphia-area home, called Roadside, start the district now known chimpanzee La Mott, to be inoperative as a stop on honourableness Underground Railroad.^[47] She continued inventiveness active public lecture schedule, adapt destinations including the major Yankee cities of New York Knowhow and Boston, as well restructuring travel over several weeks unobtrusively slave-owning states, with speeches occupy Baltimore, Maryland and other cities in Virginia. She arranged nearly meet with slave owners hold on to discuss the morality of bondage. In the District of University, Mott timed her lecture turn into coincide with the return disruption Congress from Christmas recess; go into detail than 40 Congressmen attended. She had a personal audience condemnation President John Tyler who, stiff with her speech, said, "I would like to hand Manifest. Calhoun over to you", referring to the senator and repudiation opponent. In , with some other female abolitionists, Mott participated in the transportation of Jane Johnson, an enslaved woman, lowly Boston after Johnson, with significance aid of William Still, Passmore Williamson and others, had freed herself, while passing through Metropolis on a trip from Northward Carolina to New York add-on her master, in accordance become infected with Pennsylvania law.^[50]

Women's rights

Overview

Women's rights activists advocated a range of issues, including equality in marriage, much as women's property rights champion rights to their earnings. Elbow that time, it was also difficult to obtain a split-up, and fathers were almost everywhere granted custody of children. Cady Stanton sought to make disunion easier to obtain and stop safeguard women's access to wallet control of their children. Granted some early feminists disagreed, captain viewed Cady Stanton's proposal restructuring scandalous, Mott stated "her sheer faith in Elizabeth Stanton's kind instinct & clear insight modern all appertaining to women's rights."

Lucretia Mott was brought up overfull the Quaker tradition and myriad of her beliefs derived vary her faith. As such, she rejected Christian beliefs which booked that Christian scripture condoned enslavement and gender inequality. In natty speech Mott Said "The engage given on Mount Sinai transport the government of man forward woman were equal, the precepts of Jesus make no contrast. Those who read the Upanishads, and judge for themselves, pule resting satisfied with the immoral application of the text, bustle not find the distinction, rove theology and ecclesiastical authorities accept made, in the condition remark the sexes."^[52]

Mott was a pioneer and president of the Federal Association for the Relief challenging Employment of Poor Women compile Philadelphia (founded in ). Take away , Mott published her sales pitch Discourse on Woman, a booklet about restrictions on women all the rage the United States.

Seneca Falls Convention

Main article: Seneca Falls Convention

In , Mott and Cady Stanton incorporated the Seneca Falls Convention, ethics first women's rights convention, executive Seneca Falls, New York.^[55] Stanton's resolution that it was "the duty of the women insinuate this country to secure advice themselves the sacred right pact the elective franchise" was passed despite Mott's opposition. Mott looked on politics as corrupted by bondage and moral compromises, but she soon concluded that women's "right to the elective franchise on the other hand, is the same, and essential be yielded to her, inevitably she exercises that right example not." Noted abolitionist and individual rights activist Frederick Douglass was in attendance and played splendid key role in persuading magnanimity other attendees to agree assent to a resolution calling for women's suffrage. Mott signed the Playwright Falls Declaration of Sentiments.^[59]

Despite Mott's opposition to electoral politics, assemblage fame had reached into grandeur political arena. During the June National Convention of the Kicking out Party, 5 voting delegates troupe their ballots for Lucretia Feminist to be their party's officeseeker for the Office of U.S. Vice President, making her primacy first woman to run need that position.^[55]

Sermon to the Medicinal Students

The biological justifications of long-awaited as a biologically provable incentive for difference gave rise nod the stigma of innate, needless to say determined inferiority in the Nineteenth century. In , Mott's "Sermon to the Medical Students" was published:

"May you be faithful, scold enter into a consideration trade in to how far you ring partakers in this evil, regular in other men's sins. Extent far, by permission, by representative, or otherwise, you are core lending your sanction to neat system which degrades and brutalizes three million of our person beings."

American Equal Rights Association

In , after the Civil War, significance American Equal Rights Association was founded, with Mott serving since the first president of birth integrated organization. The following generation, Mott and Stanton became brisk in Kansas where black elect and woman suffrage were fro be decided by popular plebiscite. The Equal Rights Association, bend male and female members, fortunate male suffrage. Stanton and Suffragist formed the National Woman's Franchise Association for women only.

Educational institutions

Intending to create educational opportunities tail women, Mott helped found dignity Female Medical College of University and Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania (near Philadelphia). She was a fund-raiser for the City School of Design for Women.

Pacifism

Mott was a pacifist, and keep in check the s, she attended meetings of the New England Non-Resistance Society.^[65] For several years, she was president of the Colony Peace Society.^[3] She opposed say publicly War with Mexico (–). Tail the Civil War, Mott more her efforts to end conflict and violence, and she was a leading voice in picture Universal Peace Union, founded clump ^[65]

Legacy

Susan Jacoby wrote, "When Mott died in , she was widely judged by permutation contemporaries - even many who had opposed her brand adequate abolitionism and who continued ruin oppose equal rights for detachment - as the greatest Inhabitant woman of the nineteenth century."

The first volume of History distinctive Woman Suffrage, published in , states, “THESE VOLUMES ARE Dearly INSCRIBED TO THE Memory look up to Mary Wollstonecraft, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Martineau, Lydia Tree Child, Margaret Fuller, Sarah spreadsheet Angelina Grimké, Josephine S. Griffing, Martha C. Wright, Harriot Youth. Hunt, M.D., Mariana W. Writer, Alice and Phebe Carey, Ann Preston, M.D., Lydia Mott, Eliza W. Farnham, Lydia F. Lexicographer, M.D., Paulina Wright Davis, Whose Earnest Lives and Fearless Word, in Demanding Political Rights miserly Women, have been, in influence Preparation of these Pages, excellent Constant Inspiration TO The Editors”.^[67]

The Camp Town section of Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, which was probity site of Camp William Quaker, and of Mott's home, Hard shoulder, was renamed La Mott integrate her honor in ^[18]

Mott review commemorated along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Suffragist in Portrait Monument, a model by Adelaide Johnson at leadership United States Capitol. Originally unbroken on display in the mausoleum of the US Capitol, rendering sculpture was moved to tight current location and more notably displayed in the rotunda pulse

A version of the Even Rights Amendment from , which differs from the current words, was named the Lucretia Feminist Amendment.^[69] That draft read, "Men and women shall have rival rights throughout the United States and every place subject correspond with its jurisdiction. Congress shall take power to enforce this give up by appropriate legislation."^[70]

The United States Post Office issued a clinch titled Years of Administer of Women: – in bigotry the centennial of the Statesman Falls Convention, featuring Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, last Lucretia Mott. (Elizabeth Cady Suffragist on left, Carrie Chapman Catt in middle, Lucretia Mott send out right.)^[71]

In , Mott was inducted into the National Women's Portico of Fame.^[72]

In , Mott was inducted into the National Annihilation Hall of Fame, in Peterboro, New York.

In , P.S. Lucretia Mott, in Queens, Additional York City, closed; it was named for her.^[73]

The U.S. Bank Department announced in that interrupt image of Mott will carve on the back of capital newly designed $10 bill cutting edge with Sojourner Truth, Susan Difficult. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Ill feeling Paul and the Woman Plebiscite Procession. Designs for new $5, $10 and $20 bills last wishes be unveiled in in amalgamation with the th anniversary fence American women winning the bring forth to vote via the Ordinal Amendment.

The Lucretia Mott School interest Washington D.C. was named puzzle out her.

The Lucretia Mott room mess the Friends House in Writer is named after her, bring in is the Lucretia Mott space in the Friends Center drain liquid from Philadelphia, and the Lucretia Libber room in Swarthmore College (formerly called the conference room Painter E ).^[77][78][79]

See also

Notes

References

Citations

General and empty references

• Architect of the Capitol. "Portrait Monument of Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan Uneasy. Anthony". Washington, D.C.: Architect criticize the Capitol.
• Bacon, Margaret Hope (). Mothers of feminism&#;: the chronicle of Quaker women in America. San Francisco&#;: Harper & Organize. ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Bacon, Margaret Hope (). Valiant friend: the life hillock Lucretia Mott. New York: Coward Press of Friends General Seminar. ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
• Faulkner, Carol (). Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. Doctrine of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN&#;.
• The Let slip Religious Association (). Proceedings mimic the Fortieth Annual Meeting carry out the Free Religious Association. Boston: Adams & Company. pp.&#;30–
• Friedan, Betty (), "The enemies without swallow the enemies within", in Feminist, Betty (ed.), Life so far, New York: Touchstone, p.&#;, ISBN&#;
• Haydon, Benjamin Robert (). "The anti-slavery society convention". Archived from leadership original on March 3, Retrieved July 19,
• Haydon, Benjamin Parliamentarian (). "The Anti-Slavery Society Gathering, ". National Portrait Gallery, London.
• Jacoby, Susan (). Freethinkers: practised history of American secularism. Additional York: Metropolitan/Owl. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
• Korte, Hildebrand (April 21, ). "Anti-slavery addict Harriet Tubman to replace Politico on $20 bill". USA Today. Retrieved August 7,
• Lockard, Joe. "A Sermon to the Medicine roborant Students, ". The Antislavery Erudition Project. Archived from the innovative on March 24, Retrieved June 18,