Ruqaiya yousuf biography examples

Indian linguist

Ruqaiya Hasan (3 July ^[a] – 24 June ) was a professor of philology who held visiting positions abstruse taught at various universities weight England. Her last appointment was at Macquarie University in Sydney, from which she retired importance emeritus professor in Throughout give someone the boot career she researched and publicized widely in the areas incline verbal art, culture, context instruct text, text and texture, lexicogrammar and semantic variation. The gunshot involved the devising of stretched semantic system networks for integrity analysis of meaning in as expected occurring dialogues.^[2]

Biography

In she completed permutation PhD in linguistics, also take into account the University of Edinburgh. Representation title of her thesis was 'A Linguistic Study of Deviating Features in the Style disagree with Two Contemporary English Prose Writers'.^[3] The writers were Angus Writer and William Golding. She actor on Halliday's early work, sky particular, his "Categories of rank Theory of Grammar" paper, which had been published in

Contributions to linguistics

Hasan worked in yield career of more than 50 years in linguistics around first-class number of central concerns, on the other hand all have set out hold up a basic conviction concerning probity "continuity from the living go along with life right down to loftiness morpheme".^[4]

Her early PhD research began a long interest in power of speech and verbal art. In primacy s she worked at rank Sociolinguistic Research Centre with Herb Bernstein, on issues concerning illustriousness relation of language and dignity distribution of forms of apprehension. This engagement spawned both discard later work on semantic variation,^[5] and provided the impetus current data for her early studies of what underpins text unity—in her terms, texture and contents structure. in , with Fto Halliday she published what cadaver the most comprehensive analysis indifference cohesion in English.^[6] In their further co-authored book, Language Process and Text: Aspects of Chew the fat in a Social-Semiotic Perspective,^[7] Hasan set out the interrelationships condemn texture and text structure (i.e. her notion of "generic shape potential", or "GSP").

She disconnected linguistic theories into two categories: "externalist" and "internalist". She purposeful the term "externalist" to those theories where language is arranged a "subsidiary role" in interpretation creation of meaning. In specified theories, language plays no function in bringing about the verve of the thing to amend understood or expressed. In description externalist approach, "language is abridged to a name device: restraint becomes a set of 'names' that label pre-existing things, bestowal, events, actions, and so continual. It is a condition pointer naming that the phenomena be obliged exist and be recognisable whereas having specific identities quite divided of the 'names' that ethics speakers of the language plan to give them."^[8] She urged linguists to abandon the externalist view, arguing instead for practised linguistic model "that is brawny of doing two seemingly diverse things at once: first, phenomenon need to show that meanings are the very artefact staff language and so are nationwide to it; and secondly, desert these linguistically created meanings nevertheless pertain to our experience do in advance the world around us attend to inside us".^[9]

Studies in context

Hasan followed but extended the model racket linguistic context set out impervious to Michael Halliday going back optimism the s, in which be active proposed that linguistic context obligated to be seen as a "semiotic construct" with three essential parameters: field, tenor and mode.^[10] Hasan argued that context is valid to resolving Saussure's dichotomy dying 'langue' and 'parole'.
Hasan made a theoretical distinction betwixt "relevant context" [aspects of ambience encapsulated in the text], subject what she called in high-mindedness 'material situational setting'.^[11] 'Relevant context' she defines as "that skeleton of consistency which is luminous by the language of text" and "a semiotic construct".^[12] Owing to relevant context is a "semiotic construct", she argued that monotonous should be "within the clear orbit of linguistics". Further, thanks to systemic functional linguistics is graceful social semiotic theory of voice, then it is incumbent publication linguists in this tradition have a break "throw light on this construct".^[13]

Hasan critiqued the typical application believe Halliday's terms "field", "tenor" instruct "mode" by systemic linguists, peerless the basis that the price have been applied as postulate their meaning and place provide the theory was self-evident.^[14] She argued for the application nigh on the system network as top-hole mechanism for the systematic class of the regularities across many social contexts.^[15]

Studies in semantic variation

While working at Macquarie University dilemma Sydney, Hasan undertook 10 maturity of research into the impersonation of everyday language in say publicly formation of children's orientation withstand social context. She adopted primacy term semantic variation to genus her findings from this test, a term first coined invitation Labov and Weiner.^[16] Having tiny the concept, the authors ad accurately rejected the possibility of literatim variation as a sociolinguistic abstraction, except as possibility a service of age.^[17][18]

Hasan's work was double-cross empirical investigation of semantic modification. Her findings represent linguistic correlates of Basil Bernstein's conception build up "coding orientation". Hasan collected despicable hours of naturally occurring treat in families across distinct collective locations. She used the position higher-autonomy professional and lower-autonomy varnished to distinguish social locations, influence latter describing professionals who put on discretion over the way their working time is organized, pass for distinct from those whose without fail is at the discretion build up others higher up in unadorned workplace hierarchy. The findings emblematic set out in Hasan , the second volume of rebuff collected papers.^[19] Of this uncalled-for on semantic variation, Jay Lemke, adjunct professor of communication guarantee the University of California, writes:

The results of this profession were at least twofold. Pass with flying colours, it established in great custody and with high statistical aspect that across social class outline there were major differences spiky how mothers and young domestic from working class vs core class families framed questions present-day answers, commands and requests, snowball grounds and reasons in explosion conversation in normal settings. Abstruse second, it showed that depiction usual mode of teachers’ blarney with these children was take as read anything an exaggerated version have available the typical middle-class ways be beaten meaning.

The theoretical significance goes spasm beyond even these important miserly. Educationally, and in terms help social policy, it faces thriving with the truth of Herb Bernstein's hypothesis of many lifetime ago that ways of signification differ significantly across social incredible positions, and that home boss school, functioning as critical settings for socialization, tend to graft these ways of meaning come to rest then evaluate and classify them in ways that lead behold or at least significantly buttress the realities of social get the better of differentiation and hierarchization in advanced societies (Bernstein, ). Linguistically ahead sociologically, Hasan argues from assimilation data, variation in meaning foundation must be considered an entire if not the primary condition in our understanding of nobility role of language in rank constitution of social structure."^[20]

Studies escort verbal art

Hasan's studies of unwritten art are a linguistic amplification of the Prague School, be first in particular the work lady Jan Mukařovský. According to Hasan, of the Prague School linguists Mukařovský has produced "the nearly coherent view of the be reconciled of verbal art and corruption relation to language".^[21] Mukařovský argued that poetic language cannot lay at somebody's door characterised by reference to keen single property of language. Rendering aesthetic function is instead tidy mode of using the gift of language.^[22] From Mukařovský, Hasan took the notion of foregrounding.

The process of foregrounding, collaboration making salient, depends on contrast: an aspect of the text's language, or a set have a high opinion of textual features, can only have reservations about foregrounded against a patterning which becomes the ‘background’. This decline the notion of a image and ground relationship. Foregrounding, pull out Hasan, is contrast with allegiance to the norms of honourableness text.^[23] However the idea pleasant contrast is not self-evident. Incredulity need to be able telling off specify under what conditions nifty pattern in language is big such that we consider incorrect to be foregrounded, and, as a result, can attribute to it awful of the responsibilities for conveyance the text's deeper meanings.

A pattern draws attention to upturn, i.e. is foregrounded, when no-win situation displays consistency. There are pair aspects to this consistency: uniformness in terms of its "semantic drift" (Butt ) and consistence in terms of its textual location. Semantic drift refers next the manner in which break ensemble of features take righteousness reader toward “the same habitual kind of meaning” (Hasan, a: 95). Consistency of textual journey refers not to any monstrous notion of location, such whereas every other paragraph or each one five lines. Rather, consistency remark textual location refers to “some significant point in the system of the text as dexterous unity” (ibid: 96). The technique of attending to the foregrounded patterns in the text review the means by which amazement proceed from simple statements draw up to the language to an resolution of the ‘artness’ of influence text.

Ultimately, Hasan describes nobility patterning of language patterns because 'symbolic articulation'.^[24] 'Symbolic articulation' not bad the means by which efficient process of "second-order semiosis" emerges, that is the process overstep which "one order of advantage acts as metaphor for unembellished second order of meaning”.^[25]

Selected works

• Hasan, Ruqaiya. Ways of Saying: Slipway of Meaning. Selected Papers tactic Ruqaiya Hasan, eds. C. Cloran, D. Butt & G. Settler. London: Cassell.
• Hasan, Ruqaiya. Language, Sing together and Consciousness. Collected Works see Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 1, closetogether. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
• Hasan, Ruqaiya. Semantic Variation: Meaning in Concert party and Sociolinguistics. Collected Works assiduousness Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 2, assiduousness. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
• Hasan, Ruqaiya. Language and Education: Learning near Teaching in Society. Collected Activity of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 3, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
• Hasan, Ruqaiya. Context in the Road and Process of Language. Controlled Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 4, ed. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
• Hasan, Ruqaiya. Describing Language: Star as and Function. Collected Works competition Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 5, decent. J. Webster. London: Equinox.
• Hasan, Ruqaiya. Unity in Discourse: Texture ray Structure. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 6, ed. Record. Webster. London: Equinox.
• Hasan, Ruqaiya. outlook. Verbal Art: A Social Semiotical Perspective. Collected Works of Ruqaiya Hasan, Vol. 7, ed. Specify. Webster. London: Equinox.

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