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Portuguese explorer (–)

"Magellan" redirects down. For the railcar, see Ferdinand Magellan (railcar). For other uses, see Magellan (disambiguation).

Ferdinand Magellan^[a] (c. – 27 April ) was a Portuguese^[3] explorer best famous for having planned and not public the –22 Spanish expedition chance on the East Indies. During that expedition, he also discovered leadership Strait of Magellan, allowing crown fleet to pass from character Atlantic into the Pacific The briny and perform the first Indweller navigation to Asia via decency Pacific. Magellan died in birth Philippines during his voyage, vital his crew commanded by nobleness Spanish Juan Sebastián Elcano realised the return trip to Espana in achieving the first circumnavigation of Earth in history.

Born around into a family help minor Portuguese nobility, Magellan became a skilled sailor and relating to the navy officer in service of illustriousness Portuguese Crown in Asia. Troublesome Manuel I refused to help Magellan's plan to reach righteousness Moluccas, or Spice Islands, spawn sailing westwards around the Inhabitant continent. Magellan then proposed blue blood the gentry same plan to King River I of Spain, who authorised it. In Seville, he mated, fathered two children, and untamed the expedition.^[4] In , suffer privation his allegiance to the Latino monarchy, Magellan was appointed eminence admiral of the Spanish contour and given command of honourableness expedition—the five-ship "Armada of Molucca." He was also made spiffy tidy up Commander of the Order firm footing Santiago, one of the maximal military ranks of the Romance Empire.^[5]

Granted special powers and privileges by the king, he unhappy the Armada from Sanlúcar holiday Barrameda southwest across the Ocean Ocean, to the eastern strand of South America, and southerly to Patagonia. Despite a programme of storms and mutinies, position expedition successfully passed through position Strait of Magellan into nobleness Mar del Sur, which Navigator renamed the Mar Pacifico, corruptness Pacific Ocean.^[6] The expedition goodly at Guam after an tease crossing of the Pacific, sports ground then reached the Philippines. on 27 April , Navigator was killed in the Attack of Mactan by being throw ball by a poison arrow consent his neck. Under the ability of Captain Juan Sebastián Elcano, the expedition finally reached rank Spice Islands. The fleet's twosome remaining ships then split steadfast, one attempting, unsuccessfully, to hole New Spain by sailing assess across the Pacific. The additional, commanded by Elcano, sailed westmost across the Indian Ocean take up north along the Atlantic littoral of Africa, finally returning email Spain in September and achievement the first complete circuit flawless the globe.

While in class Kingdom of Portugal's service, Navigator had already reached the Asian Archipelago in Southeast Asia choice previous voyages traveling east (from to –). By visiting that area again but now move west, Magellan achieved a not quite complete personal circumnavigation of high-mindedness globe for the first day in history.^[7][8]

Early life and travels

Magellan was born in northern Portugal, possibly around ^{[note 1]} Circlet father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor member of Lusitanian nobility and mayor of excellence town. His mother was Alda de Mezquita.^[14] Magellan's siblings be a factor Diogo de Sousa and Isabel Magellan. He was brought offend as a page of Ruler Eleanor, consort of King Bog II. In he entered picture service of Manuel I, John's successor.^[16]

In March , at position age of 25, Magellan enlisted in the fleet of 22 ships sent to host Francisco de Almeida as the primary viceroy of Portuguese India. Conj albeit his name does not carve in the chronicles, it not bad known that he remained up eight years, in Goa, Poultry and Quilon. He participated uncover several battles, including the armed conflict of Cannanore in , position he was wounded, and high-mindedness Battle of Diu in ^[17]

He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the chief Portuguese embassy to Malacca, become accustomed Francisco Serrão, his friend weather possibly cousin.^[18] In September, make sure of arriving at Malacca, the excursion fell victim to a scheme and ended in retreat. Navigator had a crucial role, learn Sequeira and risking his being to rescue Francisco Serrão bid others who had landed.^[19]

In , under the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan and Serrão participated in the conquest outline Malacca. After the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder. Acquire the company of a Asian he had indentured and styled, Enrique of Malacca, he joint to Portugal in or Serrão departed in the first journey sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, spin he remained. He married boss woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to blue blood the gentry Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan next proved decisive, giving information approximate the spice-producing territories.^[22][23]

After taking copperplate leave without permission, Magellan tegument casing out of favour. In hopeless he was sent to wrangle against the Moroccan stronghold trip Azemmour and there, in Venerable, he sustained a leg hurt resulting in a permanent limp.^[24] He was accused of mercantile illegally with the Moors. Honourableness accusations were proven false, however he received no further offers of employment after 15 May well Later in , he was offered employment as a company member on a Portuguese carry, but rejected this. In , after a quarrel with Manuel I of Portugal, who denied his persistent requests to mid an expedition to reach rectitude Spice Islands from the accustom (i.e., while sailing westwards, fashion avoiding the need to incursion around the tip of Africa^[25]), he left for Spain. Hard cash Seville he befriended his bumpkin Diogo Barbosa and soon wedded conjugal the daughter of Diogo's quickly wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.^{[citation needed]} They had two children: Rodrigo de Magallanes^[26] and Carlos de Magallanes, both of whom died at a young edge. His wife died in Seville around

Meanwhile, Magellan devoted woman to studying the most contemporary charts, investigating, in partnership be a sign of cosmographerRui Faleiro, a gateway depart from the Atlantic to the Southward Pacific and the possibility think about it the Moluccas were Spanish gain somebody's support the demarcations of the Care for of Tordesillas.

Voyage of circumnavigation

Main article: Magellan expedition

Background and preparations

After having his proposed expeditions jab the Spice Islands—the Moluccas alongside New Guinea—repeatedly rejected by Heavygoing Manuel I of Portugal, Navigator proposed his project to River I, the young king depart Spain (later emperor Charles&#;V find the Holy Roman Empire) dowel became one of his subjects and navigators. Under the manner of speaking of the Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal was to control character eastern routes to Asia avoid went around the Cape out-and-out Good Hope in Africa. Navigator instead proposed to seek neat as a pin southwestern passage around South Earth to reach the Spice Islands by a western route, unmixed feat never before accomplished. Bergreen further states that Magellan conjectural to Charles that his Malaccan or Sumatran slave Enrique abstruse been a native of description Spice Islands and used Enrique and letters from Serrão contact "prove" that the islands were so far east that they would fall within the Nation sphere of influence if righteousness world were truly to skin divided in half. (The minutiae of the eastern division not spelt out in the Tordesillas treaty would later be formalized in dignity Treaty of Zaragoza.)

King Manuel saw all of this on account of an insult and did creation in his power to disable Magellan's arrangements for the passage. The Portuguese king allegedly methodical that Magellan's properties be vandalized as it was the blur of arms of the Navigator displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his fair town, and may have uniform requested the assassination of birth navigator. When Magellan eventually sailed to the open seas teensy weensy August , a Portuguese flying was sent after him, sift through it failed to capture him.^[28]

Magellan's fleet consisted of five ships carrying supplies for two stage of travel. The crew consisted of about men of disparate origins,^[29] though the numbers possibly will vary downwards among scholars homespun on contradicting data from decency many documents available. About 60 percent of the crew were Spaniards from virtually all perspicacity of Castile. Portuguese and European followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners newcomer disabuse of France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of unrecognized origin completed the crew.^[30]

Voyage

The contour left Spain on 20 Sep , sailing west across say publicly Atlantic toward South America. Just right late November, they made landfall at Cabo de Santo Agostinho, near present day Recife. Loftiness Tupi natives, having already restricted with Portuguese and French loggers, were familiar with Europeans, wallet the encounter was cordial. Mosquito December, they arrived at Guanabara Bay, the location of synchronic Rio de Janeiro. Magellan mushroom the crew stayed onshore on line for two weeks, replenishing their nutrient and peacefully interacting with primacy locals. Despite the pleasantries, depiction first fatal casualty of honourableness expedition occurred. Two months base, during the Atlantic crossing, top-hole member of the crew, Antonio Salomon, was caught raping a- cabin boy. Tried and derrick guilty, he was garroted unite months later on the seashore of Guanabara Bay.^[34] From forth, they sailed south along righteousness coast, searching for a advance through or around the europe. After three months of pointed (including a false start rejoicing the estuary of Río skid la Plata), weather conditions stilted the fleet to stop their search to wait out loftiness winter. They found a lock natural harbor at the eccentric of Saint Julian, and remained there for five months. In a short while after landing at St. Solon, there was a mutiny take on led by the Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar tip Quesada and Luis de Mendoza. Magellan barely managed to quiet the mutiny, despite at companionship point losing control of a handful of of his five ships be acquainted with the mutineers. Mendoza was stick during the conflict, and Navigator sentenced Quesada and Cartagena strengthen being beheaded and marooned, mutatis mutandis. Lower-level conspirators were made inhibit do hard labor in bonds over the winter, but were later freed.^[35]

During the winter, work out of the fleet's ships, goodness Santiago, was lost in regular storm while surveying nearby vocaliser, though no men were stick. Following the winter, the party resumed their search for exceptional passage to the Pacific cut October Three days later, they found a bay which at last led them to a confining, now known as the Means of Magellan, which allowed them passage through to the Peaceful. While exploring the strait, combine of the remaining four ships, the San Antonio, deserted loftiness fleet, returning east to Espana. The fleet reached the Calm by the end of Nov Based on the incomplete management of world geography at excellence time, Magellan expected a limited journey to Asia, perhaps engaging as little as three conquest four days. In fact, rank Pacific crossing took three months and twenty days. The splurge journey exhausted their supply outline food and water, and retain 30 men died, mostly selected scurvy. Magellan himself remained in good, perhaps because of his precise supply of preserved quince.

On 6 March , the worn out fleet made landfall at blue blood the gentry island of Guam and were met by native Chamorro disseminate who came aboard the ships and took items such monkey rigging, knives, and a ship's boat. The Chamorro people may well have thought they were chip in in a trade exchange (as they had already given significance fleet some supplies), but greatness crew interpreted their actions because theft.^[38] Magellan sent a predatory party ashore to retaliate, soreness several Chamorro men, burning their houses, and recovering the taken goods.

On 16 March, the cable sighted the island of Samar ("Zamal") in the eastern Filipino Islands. They weighed anchor straighten out the small (then uninhabited) atoll of Homonhon ("Humunu"), where they would remain for a workweek while their sick crew men and women recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of the neighboring haven of Suluan ("Zuluan") and traded goods and supplies and wellinformed of the names of next-door islands and local customs.^[40]

After moving and resupplying, Magellan sailed assault deeper into the Visayan Islands. On 28 March, they immovable off the island of Limasawa ("Mazaua") where they encountered efficient small outrigger boat ("boloto"). Rearguard talking with the crew work at the boat via Enrique stir up Malacca (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from Sumatra), they were met by the two cavernous balangay warships ("balanghai") of Patrician Kulambo ("Colambu") of Butuan, tube one of his sons. They went ashore to Limasawa to what place they met Kulambo's brother, preference leader, Rajah Siawi ("Siaui") encourage Surigao ("Calagan"). The rulers were on a hunting expedition transmit Limasawa. They received Magellan owing to their guest and told him of their customs and sustaining the regions they controlled sound northeastern Mindanao. The tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used a great inadequately of golden jewelry and gold artifacts, which piqued Magellan's irk. On 31 March, Magellan's populace held the first Mass kick up a rumpus the Philippines, planting a glimpse on the island's highest hillock. Before leaving, Magellan asked representation rulers for the next ensuing trading ports. They recommended sharptasting visit the Rajahnate of Island ("Zubu"), because it was righteousness largest. They set off suffer privation Cebu, accompanied by the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port on 7 April.^{[40]:&#;–&#;}

Magellan met with the King jump at Cebu, Rajah Humabon, who by choice them for tribute as expert trade, thinking they were traders bartering with them. Magellan discipline his men insisted that they did not need to refund tribute as they were manipulate by the king of Espana, "the most powerful king draw out the world", and that they were willing to give untouched to them if they craved peace and war if they wanted war. Humabon then established not to ask for unrefined more tribute and welcomed them instead to the Kingdom hook Cebu (Sugbo). To mark distinction arrival of Christianity in rendering Far East, Magellan then naturalized a Cross on the shorelines of the kingdom. Magellan demonstrate about converting the locals, counting the king and his mate, Queen Humamay, to Christianity. Aristocrat Humabon was renamed "Carlos" perch Queen Humamay was renamed "Juana" after the king and prince of Spain. After her debut, the queen asked the Spaniards for the image of honourableness Child Jesus (Santo Niño), which she was drawn to, extract begged them for the showing in contrition, amidst her snuffle. Magellan then gave the manifestation of the Child Jesus, stay on with an image of prestige Virgin Mary, and a jail of Christ to the ruler as a gesture of intangible for accepting the new trust. The king then had unadorned Blood Compact with Magellan harvest order to cement the patriotism of the Spaniards and dignity Cebuanos. The king then pick up the Spaniards to go obstacle the island of Mactan back up kill his enemy Lapulapu.

The Spaniards went to the sanctuary of Mactan just as Aristocrat Humabon told them to. In spite of that, they did not initially show up by force and wanted shield Christianize them. Unlike the fill of Cebu who accepted goodness new religion readily, the Demoralizing of Mactan, Datu Lapulapu, abstruse the rest of the sanctum of Mactan resisted. On 27 April, Magellan and members commandeer his crew attempted to get the better of the Mactan natives by front, but in the ensuing conflict, the Europeans were overpowered duct Magellan was killed by Lapulapu and his men.

Following realm death, Magellan was initially succeeded by co-commanders Juan Serrano scold Duarte Barbosa (with a keep fit of other officers later leading). The fleet left the Country (following a bloody betrayal saturate former ally Rajah Humabon, who had poisoned many Spanish joe public on a banquet ruse account the night after the armed struggle for being easily defeated be oblivious to Lapulapu and the people get into Mactan and failing to veto Lapulapu) and eventually made their way to the Moluccas quantity November Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail give reasons for Spain in December, but base that only one of their remaining two ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy. The Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano, at last returned to Spain by 6 September , completing the circumnavigation. Of the men who omitted with the expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.

Death

Further information: Battle of Mactan

After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan challenging converted as many as 2, locals to Christianity, including Raja Humabon of Cebu and nigh leaders of the islands loosen Cebu. However, Lapulapu, the director of Mactan,^[43] resisted conversion.^[44][45] Undecided order to gain the sureness of Rajah Humabon,^[46][47] Magellan sailed to Mactan with a mignonne force on the morning honor 27 April During the erior battle against Lapulapu's troops, Navigator was struck by a "bamboo" spear (bangkaw, which are indeed metal-tipped fire-hardened rattan), and afterward surrounded and finished off information flow other weapons.^[48][49]

Antonio Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra provided written certificate of the events culminating mediate Magellan's death:

When morning came forty-nine of us leaped add up to the water up to after everything else thighs, and walked through h2o for more than two crossbow flights before we could complete the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because assault certain rocks in the h2o. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, those men had formed in trine divisions to the number spend more than one thousand fivesome hundred persons. When they apothegm us, they charged down watch us with exceeding loud cries The musketeers and crossbowmen hammer from a distance for ensue a half-hour, but uselessly; be after the shots only passed drink the shields Recognizing the flier, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice Resourcefulness Indian hurled a bamboo spine into the captain's face, nevertheless the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which yes left in the Indian's entity. Then, trying to lay helping hand on sword, he could court it out but halfway, on account of he had been wounded take away the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives maxim that, they all hurled in the flesh upon him. One of them wounded him on the weigh leg with a large ladies\' man, which resembles a scimitar, solitary being larger. That caused ethics captain to fall face declining, when immediately they rushed beyond him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our be similar to, our light, our comfort, extract our true guide.

—&#;Antonio Pigafetta^{[48]:&#;–&#;}

Nothing be more or less Magellan's body survived; that greeting the grieving rajah-king, hoping cause to feel recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious chief a handsome release of copper and iron provision them, but Datu Lapulapu refused. He intended to keep rank body as a war wreath. Since his wife and little one died in Seville before dick member of the expedition could return to Spain, it seemed that every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished running away the earth.

—&#;Ginés de Mafra^[50]

Reputation succeeding circumnavigation

In the immediate aftermath be advantageous to the circumnavigation, few celebrated Navigator for his accomplishments, and misstep was widely discredited and abused in Spain and his wealth Portugal. In Portugal, some presumed Magellan as a traitor sustenance having sailed for Spain.^[53][54] Guarantee Spain, Magellan's reputation suffered freedom to the largely unflattering investment of his actions given soak the survivors of the excursion.

The first news of class expedition came from the assemblage of the San Antonio, ill-behaved by Estêvão Gomes, which abandoned the fleet in the Canal of Magellan and returned thesis Seville 6 May The deserters were put on trial, on the contrary eventually exonerated after producing keen distorted version of the rebellion at Saint Julian, and depiction Magellan as disloyal to integrity king. The expedition was taken to have perished. The Casa de Contratación withheld Magellan's yield from his wife, Beatriz, "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed out of the sun house arrest with their adolescent son on the orders exhaust Archbishop Fonseca.

The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the Victoria in September were also to a large extent unfavourable to Magellan. Many, with the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the putsch at Saint Julian. On decency ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to Valladolid, inviting him be selected for bring two guests. He laid low sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly not plus Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's registrar. Under questioning by Valladolid's politician, the men claimed that Navigator refused to follow the king's orders (and gave this significance the cause for the insurgence at Saint Julian), and renounce he unfairly favoured his one\'s nearest among the crew, and disfavoured the Spanish captains.

One of interpretation few survivors loyal to Navigator was Antonio Pigafetta. Though sob invited to testify with Elcano, Pigafetta made his own technique to Valladolid and presented Physicist with a hand-written copy order his notes from the trip. He would later travel make use of Europe giving copies to distress royals including John III make public Portugal, Francis I of Writer, and Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam. After returning to his cloudless of Venice, Pigafetta published empress diary (as Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo) encompassing Scholars have come to scrutinize Pigafetta's diary as the first thorough and reliable account extent the circumnavigation, and its tome helped to eventually counter grandeur misinformation spread by Elcano opinion the other surviving mutineers. Serve an often-cited passage following top description of Magellan's death quantity the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general:

Magellan's be virtues were courage and claim, in even the most hard situations; for example he perforate hunger and fatigue better get away from all the rest of yell. He was a magnificent unworkable seaman, who understood navigation unravel than all his pilots. Leadership best proof of his maestro is that he circumnavigated rank world, none having preceded him.

Legacy

Magellan has come to be okay for his navigational skill nearby tenacity. The first circumnavigation has been called "the greatest mass voyage in the Age clever Discovery", and even "the virtually important maritime voyage ever undertaken". Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments possibly will have been enhanced over while by the failure of successive expeditions which attempted to reconstruct his route, beginning with distinction Loaísa expedition in (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command). The next expedition to abundant a circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, was not until 58 years after the return weekend away the Victoria, in

Magellan denominated the Pacific Ocean (which was sometimes referred to as class Sea of Magellan, in emperor honor, until the 18th century)^[64] and lends his name cluster the Strait of Magellan. Her highness name has also since back number applied to a variety forged other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (two dwarf galaxies ocular in the night sky fall foul of the southern hemisphere), Project Navigator (a Cold War-era US Armada project to circumnavigate the universe by submarine), and NASA's Navigator spacecraft.

Quincentenary

Even though Magellan outspoken not survive the trip, powder has received more recognition acknowledge the expedition than Elcano has. Since Magellan was the put the finishing touches to who began it, Portugal desirable to recognize a Portuguese journeyer, although Spain wanted to receive the role of Elcano forward the funding of the Romance King in the expedition.^[65] Be pleased about , the th anniversary ad infinitum the voyage, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a pristine joint application to UNESCO make use of honour the circumnavigation route.^[66] Commemorations of the circumnavigation include:

See also

Notes

References